Functional unit in a kidney is nephron which consists of Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal (convoluted) tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal (convoluted) tubule and Collecting duct. ____ A ____ to increase the surface area for ____. The diameter of afferent arteriole is ____ than efferent arteriole and this produces high ____ in the glomerulus. High ____ of glomerulus due to high number of pores. ____It consists of porous cells, called ____ that form ____. Involved in ultrafiltration. ____ Proximal (convoluted tubule) involves in ____and ____. Composed of epithelial cells which are ____ (closely lined with blood capillaries). ____ (to increase the surface area for reabsorption). Each epithelial cell is rich in ____ to provide energy for active transport. The inner side of epithelial cells has ____ (and pinocytic vesicles). ____Consists of ____ and ascending limb. Loop of Henle involves in ____ of ____ and ____ and thus, enhances urine concentration process. Employs the principle of a ____ which produces salt concentration gradient to conserve water. ____ ____ to increase the surface area. Involves in ____ and ____ process ____ Collecting duct function is for reabsorption of solutes/ urea/ NaCl/ by diffusion and reabsorption of water by ____. The epithelia of collecting duct has ____ that can allow water to cross the epithelia when affected by ADH.

(b) Describe how the characteristics of the functional units of a kidney enhance its function.

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