Atom, Smallest unit of an element., Element, Pure substance made of one type of atom., Periodic Table, Chart organizing elements by atomic number., Metal, Shiny, conductive, malleable, loses electrons., Non-metal, Dull, poor conductor, brittle, gains electrons., Metalloid, Element with both metal and non-metal properties., Proton (p⁺), Positive particle in nucleus., Electron (e⁻), Negative particle around nucleus., Neutron (n⁰), Neutral particle in nucleus., Atomic Number, Number of protons., Mass Number, Protons + neutrons., Ion, Charged atom or group of atoms., Cation, Positive ion; lost electrons., Anion, Negative ion; gained electrons., Ionic Bond, Electron transfer between atoms., Molecular (Covalent) Bond, Electron sharing between atoms., Valence Electrons, Outer-shell electrons involved in bonding., Ionic Compound, Metal + non-metal compound., Molecular Compound, Non-metal + non-metal compound., Stock System, Uses Roman numerals to show metal charge., Polyatomic Ion, Charged group of bonded atoms., Acid, Produces H⁺ ions in water., Base, Produces OH⁻ ions in water., pH, Measure of acidity/basicity (0–14)., Neutral, pH = 7., Acidic, pH lower than 7., Basic (Alkaline), pH greater than 7., Litmus Paper, Indicator used to test acids and bases., Blue Litmus, Turns red in acid., Red Litmus, Turns blue in base., Aqueous (aq), Dissolved in water., Conductive, Able to carry electric current., Soluble, Able to dissolve in water., Precipitate, Solid formed from aqueous solutions., Solubility Chart, Predicts whether compounds dissolve., Reactant, Starting substance in a reaction., Product, Substance formed in a reaction., Synthesis Reaction, Two or more substances combine., Decomposition Reaction, One substance breaks apart., Single Replacement, Element replaces another element., Double Replacement, Ions switch partners., Combustion, Hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen., Balanced Equation, Equal atoms on both sides., Coefficient, Number placed before a formula., Molar Mass, Mass of 1 mole of a substance., Stoichiometry, Using mole ratios from balanced equations., Mole Ratio, Relationship between coefficients., Work, Force applied over a distance., Force, Push or pull on an object., Distance, Total path traveled., Displacement, Straight-line change in position., Speed, Distance per unit time., Velocity, Speed with direction., Acceleration, Rate of change of velocity., Position-Time Graph, Shows position over time., Velocity-Time Graph, Shows velocity over time., Slope, Rate of change shown by a graph., Kinetic Energy (Ek), Energy of motion., Gravitational Potential Energy (Eg), Stored energy due to height., Efficiency, Useful output ÷ total input × 100%., Wasted Energy, Energy not converted to useful output., Internal Combustion Engine, Engine burning fuel inside cylinders., Cogeneration, Using waste heat as useful energy., First Law of Thermodynamics, Energy cannot be created or destroyed., Manipulated Variable, Variable deliberately changed., Responding Variable, Variable measured., Controlled Variable, Variable kept constant., Microscope, Instrument that magnifies objects., Organelle, Specialized cell structure., Cell Membrane, Controls entry and exit of substances., Nucleus, Control center containing DNA., Mitochondrion, Site of cellular respiration., Chloroplast, Site of photosynthesis., Cell Wall, Rigid support layer in plants., Phospholipid Bilayer, Double membrane layer surrounding cells., Selective Permeability, Allows some substances through., Diffusion, Movement from high to low concentration., Osmosis, Diffusion of water., Active Transport, Movement requiring energy., HyPERtonic Solution, Higher solute concentration outside cell., HyPOTonic Solution, Lower solute concentration outside cell., Isotonic Solution, Equal solute concentration on both sides., Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio, Surface area compared to volume., Photosynthesis, Producing glucose using light energy., Cellular Respiration, Releasing energy from glucose., Xylem, Transports water and minerals., Phloem, Transports sugars., Transpiration, Water loss from leaves., Auxin, Plant growth hormone., Phototropism, Growth response to light., Albedo, Fraction of sunlight reflected., Radiation Budget, Balance of incoming and outgoing energy., Conduction, Heat transfer through direct contact., Convection, Heat transfer by moving fluids., Radiation, Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves., Coriolis Effect, Apparent deflection from Earth's rotation., Greenhouse Gas, Gas that traps infrared radiation., Specific Heat Capacity, Energy needed to raise temperature., Biome, Large ecosystem defined by climate and life.

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