Stereotyping - This can be either conscious or subconscious. Unfairly biased assessment because of previous experiences with assessments of particular groups / nationalities of test takers., Hawks and Doves - Raters who are usually too harsh in their judgements or raters who are usually too lenient., Recency effect - This refers to the tendency to assess the candidate on only the final part of the test without considering what occurred previously and therefore not taking a more holistic approach to rating the ‘whole’ performance., Contrast effect - It refers to the tendency to assess a candidate at a higher or lower level just because they are better or worse than the previous one., Spill-over / Historical effect - This refers to allowing past evaluations to reflect, positively or negatively, on the current rating. (Retests), Tuning in - This refers to assessing large numbers of the same nationality. It is when our ear gets used to frequent errors, whether phonological or grammatical, so that we understand candidates rated later as opposed to at the beginning.,

Errors in rating

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