Information Flow - The order of information in a sentence. Can be altered/manipulated to emphasise certain things and downplay others, e.g. 'It was the butler who killed him' (it-clefting), Deictics - Words that depend on the audience knowing the situational context. They refer to a person, object, time, or place. e.g. here, there, he, she, him, then, last week. (supports efficiency and avoids unnecessary repetition), Ellipsis - The leaving out of words or phrases from an utterance, clause or sentence. e.g. Here, want some?, Anaphoric reference - A word or phrase that refers back to a previously mentioned word or phrase. e.g. Jim is tall. He is also handsome. (avoids unnecessary repetition, aids cohesion), Cataphoric reference - A word or phrase in a sentence that refers forward to a word or phrase that will be mentioned later. e.g. This is disgusting. Look at all the mess. (avoids unnecessary repetition, aids cohesion), Lexical Choice - Choosing lexical items from the same lexical sets, e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms or collocations - reinforces an idea, serves a semantic field, AIDS COHESION, Substitutions - Replacing one element of a sentence with something else in order to avoid repetition. e.g. I love cats. I have three of them; Will it be sunny tomorrow? I hope so., Conjunctions - Provide links between clauses in sentences. Can create coordination of ideas or subordination of ideas. Contribute to logical ordering. e.g. Because we were so poor, we had to sell our only cow., Adverbials - Provide links between sentences to create meaningful relationships between ideas. e.g. Once upon a time, there was a young couple. After realising something was missing in their lives, they decided to have a child. However, they were not able to.., Repetition - Repeated lexical choices, near-synonyms or substitutions. e.g. This little pig went to market. This little pig stayed home. This little pig had roast beef.,

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