chromosome - long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information, histone - protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps, chromatid - one half of a duplicated chromosome, centromere - region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis, chromatin - loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase, homologous chromosome - chromosome that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ, diploid - cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm, haploid - cell that has only one copy of each chromosome, binary fission - asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts, mitosis - process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents, asexual reproduction - process by which offspring are produced from a single parent; does not involve the joining of gametes, meiosis - form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells; important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction, somatic cell - cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes, gamete - sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell, interphase - stage in cell cycle where the cell grows; composed of Gap 1, synthesis, and gap 2, cytokinesis - process by which the cell cytoplasm divides, prophase - first phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, spindle fiber - organized microtubules that grow form the centrioles and attach to the centromere; pulling apart the chromosome during cell division, metaphase - second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator, anaphase - third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell, telophase - last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers disassemble, tetrad - a group of four chromatids that become visibly evident during prophase, crossing over - exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, spermatogenesis - the production or development of mature spermatozoa, oogenesis - the production or development of an ovum, polar body - haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disentigrate,

Cell Division

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