Aztecs - An indigenous civilization in Mexico known for their advanced society, art, and architecture, notably conquered by Hernan Cortes in the 16th century., Hernan Cortes - A Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Spain., Middle Passage - The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade, enduring horrific conditions aboard overcrowded ships., The Triangular Trade - A historical trade pattern between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and raw materials, contributing to the establishment of European colonial empires., Racialism - The term for when science was used to reinforce racist ideas and white supremacy., Charles I - The King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649, whose reign was marked by conflict with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War., Oliver Cromwell - A military and political leader who played a key role in the English Civil War and the subsequent establishment of the Commonwealth of England, serving as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658., Ship Tax - A controversial levy imposed by Charles I on coastal communities in England to fund the Royal Navy, which fueled discontent and contributed to tensions between the King and Parliament., Henrietta Maria - The Queen consort of King Charles I of England, known for her Catholicism and her support for the Royalist cause during the English Civil War., Battle of Naseby - A decisive engagement of the English Civil War fought in 1645, resulting in a Parliamentarian victory over Royalist forces and effectively ending the King's military prospects., New Model Army - A professional parliamentary army established during the English Civil War, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, known for its discipline and effectiveness in battle., Charles' Personal Rule - A period in English history (1629–1640) during which Charles I ruled without summoning Parliament, attempting to govern through royal prerogative and raising revenue through controversial means., Spanish Armada - A fleet of ships sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, defeated by the English fleet in the English Channel, marking a significant turning point in European naval power., Fire Ships - Vessels filled with combustibles and set ablaze, used as a tactic in naval warfare to disrupt enemy fleets by causing panic and damage., Francis Drake - An English sea captain, privateer, and explorer who circumnavigated the globe, raided Spanish ports and shipping, and played a key role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada.,

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