What are the functions of blood? - Transport of substances and protection, What is the function of red blood cells? - Transports oxygen from the lungs to tissue cells, What are the functions of white blood cells? - Phagocytosis and antibody formation, What is the function of platelets? - Produces enzymes that convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin thread, which then entangles blood cells to form a blood clot. This then prevents excessive blood loss and prevents the entry of microorganisms into the blood., What is meant by a universal donor? - A universal donor can donate blood cells to any blood group., What is meant by a universal recipient? - A universal recipient can receive blood cells from any blood group., What is the function of an artery? - Arteries transport blood away from the heart., What is the function of a vein? - Veins transport blood towards the heart., What is the function of blood capillaries? - Blood capillaries are the site of exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid., What is the function of valves? - Valves ensure the unidirectional flow of blood. They close to prevent the backflow of blood., What is the principle behind the direction of blood movement? - Blood moves from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure., What is atherosclerosis? - Atherosclerosis is the deposition of fatty deposits along the inner surface of the arteries, which narrows the lumen of the artery., What is thrombosis? - Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus)., What is a heart attack? - A heart attack occurs when blood flow to cardiac muscles is obstructed. The heart muscles do not receive oxygen and glucose and cannot release energy via aerobic respiration. The heart muscle then dies. , What is coronary heart disease? - CHD is the narrowing of the lumen of coronary arteries due to the deposition of fatty plaque along the inner walls of the coronary arteries.., What is the sequence of events that leads to CHD and a heart attack? - Atherosclerosis --> CHD --> thrombosis --> heart attack, How does blood move from the lungs to the other parts of the body? - Blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein. The left atrial walls contract, generating high blood pressure that forces blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle pass the bicuspid valve. The left ventricular walls then contract, generating high blood pressure that forces the bicuspid valve shut, preventing backflow of blood into the left atrium. The aortic valve is forced open and blood rushes from the left ventricle to the aorta and then transported to other parts of the body., What is "diastole" and "systole"? - Diastole occurs when the atrial walls or ventricular walls relax. Systole refers to when the atrial walls or ventricular walls contract., Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle? - Blood leaving the left ventricle needs to travel a longer distance to the other parts of the body than blood leaving the right ventricle to the lungs. The muscular walls of the left ventricle need to be thicker to generate more pressure than the walls of the right ventricle. , Why are the walls of the ventricle thicker than the walls of the atria? - Blood leaving the ventricles needs to travel a longer distance to the other parts of the body than blood leaving the atria to the ventricles. The muscular walls of the ventricles need to be thicker to generate more pressure than the walls of the atria., What happens if there is a hole in the median septum? - There will be mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. Less oxygen is sent to the respiring tissues for aerobic respiration and less carbon dioxide is sent to the lungs to be excreted., How are red blood cells adapted for its function? - 1. Biconcave shape increases SA:V ratio; 2. Contains haemoglobin to bind oxygen reversibly; 3. No nucleus to store more haemoglobin; 4. Has a flexible cell membrane that allows the cell to squeeze through capillaries, How are blood capillaries adapted for its function? - 1. One-cell thick walls reduce diffusion distance; 2. Highly branched to increase surface area for exchange; 3. Highly branched to reduce blood pressure and thus rate of blood flow to give more time for exchange, How are arteries adapted for its function? - 1. Thick muscular wall to withstand high blood pressure generated by the ventricles; 2. Thick elastic wall that allows the artery to stretch and recoil, hence maintaining high blood pressure, How are veins adapted for its function? - 1. Contain valves that close to prevent the backflow of blood, thereby ensuring blood moves in one direction towards the heart; 2. Surrounded by skeletal muscles that squeeze on veins to generate pressure to push blood forward, What is phagocytosis? - The process in which a white blood cell engulfs, ingests and digests a foreign substance., Which blood antigen(s) and antibody(ies) do a person with blood type A have? - A antigens and b antibodies, Which blood antigen(s) and antibody(ies) do a person with blood type B have? - B antigens and a antibodies, Which blood antigen(s) and antibody(ies) do a person with blood type AB have? - A antigens, B antigens and no antibodies, Which blood antigen(s) and antibody(ies) do a person with blood type O have? - No blood antigens and both a and b antibodies,

Transport in Humans - Flash cards

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