Soil inputs: Organic matter: leaf litter, manure, guano, biomass,, Inorganic matter: from bedrock, Precipitation, Gases, air humidity, Solar energy, Water and wind carried particles, Anthropogenic: compost, fertiliser, agrochemicals, irrigation,, Soil outputs: Uptake by plants, Soil erosion, Leaching of dead organic matter, Water and wind erosion, Diffusion of gases, Evaporation of water, Loss of heat, Soil transfers: Into and out of soils across horizons, Biological mixing, Leaching of minerals, infiltration, Percolation, Groundwater flow, Aeration, erosion, Soil transformations: Decomposition, Weathering, Salinization, Nutrient cycling (carbon & nitrogen cycling),

5 Soil system

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