Random sampling: Samples are taken entirely by chance from the population., Use random number generators or lottery methods to select samples., Minimizes selection bias if truly random., Quadrat locations chosen using random coordinates., Potentially uneven coverage., Good for estimating population size or diversity., Harder to reproduce exactly due to randomness., Random number tables, GPS, or software for random points., Systematic sampling: Samples are taken at regular intervals from an ordered population., Select every nth individual or location (e.g., every 10 meters)., Can introduce bias if there is a hidden pattern in the population., Quadrat placed every 5 meters along a transect line., Evenly spaced across the study area., Good for detecting patterns or gradients (e.g., zonation on a shore)., Highly reproducible due to fixed intervals., Measuring tapes, GPS for regular spacing.,

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