Hypothesis - A formal statement predicting a relationship between variables, subject to testing., Null Hypothesis (H₀) - A hypothesis that assumes no relationship or difference exists between variables., Alternative Hypothesis (H₁) - A hypothesis that states there is a relationship or difference., Directional Hypothesis - A hypothesis predicting the specific direction of a relationship (e.g., increase or decrease)., Non-directional Hypothesis - A hypothesis that does not specify the direction of the relationship., Testable - The ability of a hypothesis to be supported or refuted by observable data., Research Question - A clear, focused, and concise question that guides a research study., Statistical Hypothesis - A hypothesis expressed in terms of statistical parameters., Operational Definition - Specific explanations of how variables are measured or manipulated., Variable - A characteristic or condition that can vary among subjects in a study., Independent Variable - The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect., Dependent Variable - The variable measured as the outcome of the manipulation., Significance Level (α) - The threshold used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis (commonly 0.05)., Type I Error - The error made when rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive)., Type II Error - The error made when failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative).,

Hypothesis and its types

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