Grammar Translation: Traditional, focus on reading and writing; language seen as a system of rules and grammar, Translation exercises, memorization of rules and vocabulary, reading classical texts, Translate sentences or short texts between L1 and L2, focus on grammar explanations, written drills, L1 and L2 used together to learn L2 grammar and reading comprehension, Direct Method: Naturalistic, focus on oral communication and immersion, Question and answer, use of pictures and real objects, no translation, Teacher asks questions, learners respond orally; immediate correction of errors; vocabulary taught through demonstration, L2 used exclusively, Task-Based Learning (TBL): Communicative approach, focus on meaning and use of language to complete real-world tasks, Information gap activities, problem-solving, role plays presentations, Learners perform meaningful tasks (e.g., planning a trip), language is used as a tool to complete the task, L2 mostly used, Communicative Language Teaching: Communicative approach, emphasis on interaction and meaning, Role plays, pair/group work, games, interviews, Learners engage in communicative activities that require real interaction and negotiation of meaning, L2 predominantly used, Audiolingual Method: Behaviorist approach, language learned through habit formation and repetition, Drills (repetition, substitution, transformation), pattern practice, Learners repeat and practice set sentence patterns; error correction through repetition to reinforce habits, Only L2 is used,

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