print() - Displays output on the screen., input() - Reads data entered by the user., int() - Converts a value to an integer., float() - Converts a value to a decimal number., data type - The kind of value a variable holds, e.g. int, float, str, bool., .upper() - Converts all letters in a string to uppercase., .lower() - Converts all letters in a string to lowercase., len() - Returns the number of characters in a string., if - Tests a condition and runs a block of code if it is True., elif - Used after if to test another condition if the first is False., else - Runs a block of code if all previous conditions are False., comparison operator - Used to compare values (e.g. ==, !=, >, <)., while loop - Repeats code while a condition is True (condition-controlled)., for loop - Repeats code a fixed number of times (count-controlled)., procedure - A subroutine that performs a task but does not return a value., function - A subroutine that performs a task and returns a value., parameter - A variable used inside a subroutine to receive input., argument - The actual value passed to a parameter when calling a subroutine., indentation - Spaces at the start of a line that show which code belongs to a block., syntax error - A mistake in the program’s structure that prevents it from running.,

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