Frailocracy, Government where friars held significant political and administrative power, often dominating civil officials., Peninsulares, Spaniards born in Spain who occupied the highest position in colonial Philippine society., Encomienda System, Spanish colonial policy where native lands were entrusted to conquistadors, leading to land loss among Filipinos., Governor-General, The king’s representative in the Philippines, holding executive, legislative, judicial, and religious powers., Alcalde Mayor, Spanish civil governors in the provinces, often associated with corruption and abuse of trade privileges., Cabeza de Barangay, Local native official responsible for tax collection in the barangay and exempted from forced labor., Ilustrado, Educated Filipinos who were part of the middle social class and became part of reformist movements., Council of the Indies, Advisory body in Spain that helped manage overseas colonies and issued the Laws of the Indies., Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish colonial administration in Mexico responsible for governing the Philippines until 1821., Intramuros, Fortified area in Manila where the elite Spaniards resided; center of government and religion.

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