spinal reflex - an action controlled by the spinal cord, not the brain, nervous system - the body's main communication system, comprises of the peripheral and central branches, neuron - the central building blocks of the nervous system, (components include dendrites, axon, myelin, and axon terminals), neurotransmitters - chemicals that help the communication across nerve synapses (main excitatory is glutamate; main inhibitory is GABA), Parkinson's disease - a progressive neurological condition, known to affect the control of movement, sources of stress - (eustress and distress) including daily pressures, life events, acculturative stress, major stress and catastrophes that disrupt whole communities, GAS - Selye's biological model of stress including alarm reaction (shock/counter shock), resistance and exhaustion, including the ‘fight-flight-freeze’ response and the role of cortisol, Transactional Model of Stress and Coping - Lazarus and Folkman's psychological model including the stages of primary and secondary appraisal, Coping with stress - context-specific effectiveness, coping flexibility and use of particular strategies (exercise and approach and avoidance strategies), Neural plasticity - comprises of both developmental and adaptive plasticity, Neural basis of memory and learning - the role of neurotransmitters and neurohormones (including the role of glutamate in synaptic plasticity and the role of adrenaline in the consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences), classical conditioning - a three-phase process (before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning) that results in the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response, including stimulus generalisation, stimulus discrimination, extinction and spontaneous recovery, operant conditioning - a three-phase model (antecedent, behaviour, consequence) involving reinforcers (positive and negative) and punishment (including response cost) that can be used to change voluntary behaviours, including stimulus generalisation, stimulus discrimination and spontaneous recovery, observational learning - a method of social learning, particularly in children, involving attention, retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement, Little Albert Experiment - An experiment which illustrated how classical conditioning can be used to condition an emotional response. Is seen as having many ethical concerns., Multi-store model of memory - Atkinson-Shiffrin's model of memory including the function, capacity, and duration of sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, Storage of long-term memories - interactions between specific regions of the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum) in the storage of long-term memories, including implicit and explicit memories, Methods of memory retrieval - recall, recognition, relearning and reconstruction, Brain trauma's effect on memory - including brain surgery, anterograde amnesia and Alzheimer’s disease, Context and state dependant cues  - context = external (in the environment) triggers while state = internal (within the person) physiological and psychological state, Memory Rehearsal - Maintenance = repeating the information over and over to keep it in STM / Elaborative = making meaningful connections between new and old or familiar information, Serial Position Effect - in immediate free recall, items at the beginning or end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle; comprises the primacy effect and the recency effect, Fallibility of memory - Loftus' research on how memories are reconstructions of reality filtered through people's minds, not perfect snapshots of events. Because memories are reconstructed, they are susceptible to being manipulated with false information., leading questions - a question that prompts or encourages the answer wanted,

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