Evolution - change in the genetic makeup of a population over time; descent with modification, Natural Selection - A process which individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce in higher rates than other individuals because of those traits, Adaptation - modifications formed through natural selection that help an organism more fit in its environment, Fitness - The measure of an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment, Genetic Variation - The differences between offspring in any generation., Selective Pressure - Factors that affect how well an organism's traits help it survive,, Artificial Selection - The selective breeding of organisms to encourage desirable traits., Convergent Evolution - The evolution of similar traits between different species., Analogous Structures - Features of different species that are similar in function, but are not derived from a common ancestor., Divergent Evolution - Species from a common ancestor become more unique from selective pressures. , Genetic Drift - The change of genetic variants based on random chance, Migration/Gene Flow - The movement of genes between populations, Homologous Structures - Similar structures between species that suggest a common ancestor between them, Vestigial Structures - A trait from a past ancestor that has lost its function and is usually reduced in size, Phylogenetic tree - A diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, Derived characteristic - A trait that arose a common ancestor and was passed to its descendants, Reproductive Isolation - The inability of a species to breed successfully with a related species. Can be geographical, behavioral, physiological, or from genetic barriers., Habitat isolation - Habitat preferences lower the probability of mating, Temporal isolation - Differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent closely related species from breeding., Behavioral Isolation - Mismatches in mating traits prevent mating between two species., Mechanical isolation - Physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms., Gametic Isolation - When an egg and sperm are released, but no zygote forms, Hybrid Inviability - A post-zygotic barrier that reduces a hybrid's capacity to mature into a healthy, fit adult., Hybrid Sterility - Inhibition of reproductive capacity in hybrids between different species., Hybrid breakdown - Reproductive failure after the second generation of hybrids, Allopatric Speciation - When a population becomes separated by a geographic barrier, Sympatric Speciation - Evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to live in the same area., Punctuated Equilibrium - Theory that species evolve rapidly between long periods of little to no change., Gradualism - Theory that evolution occurs from an accumulation of gradual changes, Adaptive radiation - A rapid increase in a number of species with a common ancestor.,

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