star - devices all connect to a central hub, ring - each device links to two others in a loop, bus - all devices share one main cable, mesh - many routes; lots of links between devices, topology - the layout or shape of a network, node - a device on the network (e.g. a PC or printer), hub - simple box that sends data to every port, switch - sends data only to the correct device, router - directs traffic between different networks, modem - connects your network to your ISP, server - computer that provides services to others, client - device that uses a server’s services, packet - a small bundle of data sent on a network, cable - physical wire that joins devices, wireless - connects devices using radio signals, ethernet - common standard for wired networks, fibre - glass cable for very fast data, latency - time delay before data starts moving, bandwidth - how much data can move per second, collision - when two devices send at the same time, repeater - boosts a weak signal to go further, gateway - entry/exit point between networks, firewall - blocks unwanted traffic for safety, protocol - agreed rules for how devices talk,

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