Cross-national survey, A survey administered in multiple countries using comparable survey instruments, Conceptual equivalence, Whether a concept carries the same meaning across difference cultures, Back translation, Re-translating a questionnaire back into the source language to flag discrepancies, Extreme response style, Tendency to select extreme scale endpoints regardless of item content, common in very expressive cultures (Latin, African), Acquiescence bias, Tendency to agree with survey items regardless of content, most common in collectivist and high power distance cultures, Social desirability bias, Underreporting views that violate perceived a country's social norms, External validity / Travealability, How well a survey travels across cultural contexts, Cognitive pretesting, Interviews testing how respondents actually interpret and cognitively process survey questions, Preference falsification, When respondents hide true beliefs because it may be politically, physically, legally dangerous, Reference group effects, When people in different countries interpret questions differently because their baseline referents differ, Translation error, When a survey question is translated inaccurately, respondents interpret items differently from intended, Back translation false negative, A real translation problem passes unnoticed, Linguistic equivalence, Can a term be translated without changing meaning?, Metrics / Scalar equivalence, Do response scales function similarly across countries? Whether the same score means the same quantity in different countries, Cross-national harmonization, Coordinating / harmonizing survey design across countries., Midpoint response style, Choosing neutral options (e.g. “neither agree nor disagree”) more often. Most common among East Asia countries, House effects, Different survey organizations produce different results for the same questions, Low uncertainty avoidance, Cultural tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and flexible rules, Cultural response bias, Distortion in survey answers caused by cultural norms that influence how people use rating scales or agree or disagree with statements, Silent misinterpretation, When respondents from another country answer a question using a different interpretation than the researcher originally intended.

Tutorial 4. Concepts

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