karyotype - diagram of chromosomes arranged by size and band patterns, nondisjunction - failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; results in chromosome number abnormalities, telomeres - protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, Barr body - dark region in cells caused by X-inactivation in females, monosomy - missing one chromosome in a pair, trisomy - has an extra chromosome in a pair, epistasis - occurs when one gene masks the function of another; ex: Labrador's coat color., codominance - phenotypes of heterozygous trait in which both genes are expressed; ex: Red and white striped flower, incomplete dominance - phenotypes of heterozygous trait mix together; ex: red and white flowers produce pink offspring, multiple alleles - occurs when there are more than two alleles determining a gene; ex: blood groups contain four alleles (A, B, AB, O), polygenic trait - more than one gene affects a trait; ex: skin color and height are caused by at least 4 genes, Turners - 45, XO karyotype; female, missing X chromosome, Klinefelters - 47, XXY; abnormal male karyotype; has an extra X chromosome, normal female - 46, XX karyotype result, normal male - 46, XY karyotype result, Down syndrome - extra 21st chromosome; aka trisomy 21, Tay Sachs - causes a build up of fatty tissues, causes death by age 5; more prominent in Jewish community, achondroplasia - type of dwarfism; causes abnormal bone growth, cysticfibrosis - abnormal CFTR gene on chromosome 7; causes buildup of mucous due to missing chlorine pump in cells; leads to respiratory failure, albinism - genes do not produce melanin pigment in patients with this disorder, Huntingtons - symptoms of this do not show up until later in life; loss of ability to move and mental decline occur,

Ch. 11 - Complex Inheritance

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