layer 1 - physical - Converts bits into electrical signal over copper cables, or pulses of light for fiber optic cables, or radiofrequency for wireless communications., Layer 2 - Data link - Provides communication within the same network via MAC addresses, layer 3 - Network - Provides communication between different networks via IP addresses, layer 4 - Transport - Handles the End-to-End communication either via TCP for connection-oriented communication or UDP for connectionless communication, layer 5 - session - Provides dialog control by allowing multiple persistent connections from different sources to be properly combined or synchronized., layer 6 - Presentation - Gets the data ready for the application layer by converting, translating, encoding, compressing, and encrypting data, layer 7 - Application - Generates data to be transmitted, processes data that is received,

1.1 OSI model

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