attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder   - neurodevelopmental disorder that includes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and deficits in executive functions, balanced literacy approach - approach to teaching reading that combines elements of the phonics-based and whole language approaches, concrete operations thinking - third stage of piaget's theory of cognitive thinking development during which children begin to understand basic cognitive principles and concepts such as cause and effect, relationships, size and difference , constructivism - idea that students play an active roll in acquiring knowledge by constructing it through experience, rather than just passively receiving information , crystallized intelligence - existing knowledge that individuals have developed during their life through education and experiences , dyscalculia - learning disability that involves difficulties in math, dysgraphia  - learning disability that involves difficulties in writing, dyslexia  - learning disability that involves difficulties in reading, exceptional learner - child who has one or more of a variety of special learning needs, fluid intelligence  - ability to use logic and to solve problems in new ways, flynn effect - effect that describes the significant increases of scores on intelligence tests over time, general intelligence factor - general cognitive factor that underlies multiple cognitive skills, giftedness - variation in intelligence marked by cognitive performance, specific ability areas, and an IQ above 130, may be referred to by other terms, individual education program - written plan that spells out the specific educational goals and services that have been individualized for a student with a disability, intellectual disability - disability that consists of limits in intellectual functioning, often indicated by an IQ score less than 70 and challenges in adaptive functioning, intelligence  - description of an individual’s ability to adapt to the world around them, intelligence quotient (IQ) - score used to quantify human intelligence, learning disability - condition that impacts learning in a specific academic area, least-restrictive environment - principle that states that all children with a disability should receive general education in an environment that is as similar as possible to the one for children without disabilities, mental age - age at which a person is performing based on an intelligence test, metacognition - knowledge about how we think and learn and how we use that awareness to become better thinkers and learners, metalinguistic awareness - awareness of the qualities of language, allowing individuals to think about and evaluate language , metamemory - understanding of how memory works, phonics approach - approach to teaching language that teaches children to translate letters into sounds and to combine individual sounds to form words, self-efficacy - individual’s confidence in their ability to successfully solve a problem or complete a task, seriation - ability to put objects in order, such as by size or color, triarchic theory of intelligence - theory of intelligence that proposes that there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative and practical, whole-language approach - approach to teaching reading that uses natural context such as books rather than focusing on the sounds that make up words,

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