Academic enablers such as effort and behaviour are included in grading equally in all countries., Students must be informed and involved in all assessment events for assessment to be effective, Teachers’ personal philosophy of teaching strongly influences their grading decisions., Cultural expectations have no effect on how teachers assign grades., Grading always reflects only student achievement., Grades always have the same meaning for teachers, students, and parents., Large-scale testing can influence teachers’ grading practices in the classroom., Research shows that even when teachers use the same grading scale, their grades can still be inconsistent., Including effort in grading is universally considered unfair in all educational systems., Teachers act both as judges (summative) and coaches (formative) when grading students..

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