Conditions: GMD corruption and inflation during Sino-Japanese War, Peasants struggled with heavy taxes in early 20th century, Warlordism - regional leaders refused to acknowledge central government (1916-1928), "100 years of humiliation" - foreign powers dominated China's industry and trade, GMD failed to introduce parliamentary government, Sino-Japanese War exposed GMD weakness - lost best troops, GMD relied on wealthy businessmen and landlords - alienated peasants, GMD used secret police and heavily censored press, Treaty of Versailles gave German concessions to Japan - sparked 4 May Movement (1919), GMD mismanaged economy during war - hyperinflation, rationing, Yuan Shikai failed and tried to crown himself emperor, Students and intellectuals alienated by GMD censorship, Methods: Six Principles of the Red Army, Land redistribution at Jiangxi and Yan'an, Mao's writings: "On Guerrilla Warfare" and "On New Democracy", Guerrilla tactics: "enemy advances, we retreat; enemy tires, we attack", Long March mythology used to inspire youth, Mao emerged as undisputed CCP leader after Long March (1935), Purges at Jiangxi: 700,000 deaths (1931-1934), CCP advertised themselves as "true Chinese patriots", PLA built on willing peasant recruits with shared hardships and equality, Maoism = peasant-based Marxism, Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China (1936), Rectification campaigns at Yan'an (1942),

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