Measuring tolerance using: “How often do you smile at strangers?”, Face validity, Measuring prejudice using: “Do you enjoy trying new foods?”, Face validity, Measuring political ideology using: “How tidy is your room?”, Face validity, Measuring religiosity using: “How often do you wear jewelry?”, Face validity, Measuring attitudes toward immigration using: “Do you like traveling abroad?”, Face validity, Measuring national identity using: “How often do you listen to pop music?”, Face validity, Measuring LGBTQ+ attitudes using: “Do you prefer cats or dogs?”, Face validity, Measuring belief in equality using: “How tall are you?”, Face validity, Measuring tolerance using only: “I am comfortable with people from other countries.”, Content validity - Missing religion, sexuality, political views, etc., Measuring political ideology using only economic questions, Content validity - Missing social issues., Measuring wellbeing using only physical health questions, Content validity -Missing emotional, social, academic wellbeing., Measuring religiosity using only church attendance questions, Content validity - Missing beliefs, identity, private practices., Measuring attitudes toward immigration using only economic concerns questions, Content validity - Missing cultural, humanitarian, security dimensions., Measuring tolerance including: “I enjoy learning about other cultures.”, Discriminant validity: That’s curiosity, not tolerance., Measuring prejudice including: “I feel anxious in unfamiliar situations.”, Discriminant validity: That’s general anxiety., Measuring political ideology including: “I trust the government.”, Discriminant validity: That is political trust, Measuring belief in equality including: “I donate to charity.”, Discriminant validity: That’s prosocial behavior., Measuring attitudes toward LGBTQ+ rights including: “I am comfortable talking about sexuality.”, Discriminant validity: That’s comfort level when talking about sex topics, not attitude.

Tutorial 1. Identify the Validity Error

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