Perpendicular, Arriving at, or moving in, a direction of exactly 90 degrees to a straight surface., Deformation, A damaging change in the original shape, size, or structural geometry of an object due to heat or stress., Striped / Banding, A visual defect showing repeating horizontal or vertical lines on the outside walls of an object., Catastrophic Failure, A sudden, total, and completely unfixable breakdown of a mechanical component during operation., Delamination, The separation or peeling apart of printed plastic layers because they failed to bond together properly., Additive Manufacturing, The industrial term for 3D printing; building objects layer by layer from a digital model., Parameters, The precise, adjustable settings (such as temperature or speed) that dictate how a machine operates., Geometries, The complex shapes, mathematical lines, curves, and angles that make up a designed object., Online Adjustments, Changes made to the printer settings in real-time while the machine is actively printing., Empirical Data, Real information and facts gathered through direct scientific observation, testing, or experimentation., Root Cause, The fundamental, underlying core reason why a problem or mechanical failure occurred., To Mitigate, To reduce the harshness, severity, or damaging effects of an unexpected problem., To Optimize, To adjust settings or components to make something function as perfectly as possible., Three-fold, An increase or reduction that happens exactly three times the original amount., Symptom, A visible sign, mark, or physical indication that something is wrong with a system or part., Polylactide (PLA), A widely used, easy-to-process biodegradable plastic polymer derived from renewable resources., Processing Shrinkage, The reduction in volume or size that occurs when a plastic material cools down and solidifies, expressed as a change in the product dimension relative to the tool dimension (e.g. injection mold), Additives, Extra materials (like wood flour, metal, or carbon fiber) mixed into a base plastic to change its properties., Anisotropy, A condition where a material displays different properties when measured in different directions., Crystallinity, The structural order of molecules in a polymer, which affects, among others its stiffness, strength and heat resistance., Annealing, A post-process heat treatment used to relieve internal stresses and improve a part's mechanical strength., FDM / FFF, An additive manufacturing method that builds objects layer-by-layer using extruded, melted plastic filament., Injection Molding (IM), A manufacturing process where molten plastic is forced under high pressure into a mold to create a solid part., Slicer / Software, Programs (like Simplify3D) that convert 3D models into layer-by-layer instructions for a printer., Small-Batch Production, The manufacturing of single items or very small quantities, rather than mass-producing thousands of goods., Layer Height, The exact vertical thickness of a single horizontal ribbon of plastic deposited by the printer head., Infill Density, A setting determining how solid the inside of an object is, ranging from 0% (hollow) to 100% (solid)., Interlayer Cohesion, The bonding strength created between two vertical layers printed on top of each other., Nozzle Diameter, The width of the opening in the printer's heated tip where the melted plastic exits., Air Voids, Small, unwanted pockets of trapped air or structural gaps left between the printed strands of plastic..

UNIT 3. EXTRA TASK - EXTENDED READING.PART 1. [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/2/356)

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