Although some Native people ____ one term over the others, most feel that any of these terms is acceptable andrespectful. These terms ____ peoples indigenous to North, Central, and South America. The Native people of Alaska are generally ____ as Alaska Natives (not Eskimos) and Canadian Natives as indigenous, aboriginal, or First Nations. In South America, Native peoples are most often referred to as Indigenous Peoples. Whenever possible, it’s ____ use the specific tribal name, such as White Mountain Apache, to affirm the diversity of Native peoples and to ____ the group’s or individual’s heritage and identity Before Columbus arrived, the Native people of North, Central, and South America spoke more than 1,000 differentlanguages. Most Native cultures ____ their traditions orally, but a few had written languages as well. Although ____ were made by colonizers and missionaries to ____ Native language, more than 700 Native languages are still spoken today. Preserving and ____ Native languages are issues that many people are becoming ____ about. Visit these websites to learn more about language preservation efforts: the Native American Language Center at http://nas.ucdavis.edu/NALC/home.html or Native Languages of the Americas at http://www.native-languages.org ____, Native people lived in many kinds of dwellings, including tipis, which were favored by nomadic huntingtribes ____ the Plains peoples. But Native Americans in other parts of North America ____ lived in igloos, pueblos, hogans, and longhouses, ____ other types of dwellings. In some instances, people’s housing organization reflected clan or kinship systems and familial relationships. Although most contemporary Natives live in contemporary dwellings, many ____ use traditional building techniques in their cultural or spiritual lives, in much the same way that they would have in the past These kinds of generalizations ____ stereotypes. A stereotype is a generalization that is ____ all members of agroup. Have your students ____ why such statements can’t possibly be true. Ask if they can think of books, movies, television shows, or other sources of these stereotypes. Then ask them to think of images of Native people that ____ this stereotype. Use your Museum visit to collect more examples Today, nearly 70% of Native people do not live on ____, ____ remain at the center of many Nativetraditions, customs, and festivals. In the U.S., reservations were created in the 1800s and, in most cases, Native people were ____ ____ on them after the federal government removed them from their traditional homelands to make the land available to non-Native settlers. Some tribes, however, were able to ____ their original homelands, which constitute their reservations today. But reservations also arose when tribes ____ land from other tribes or entered into agreements with the U.S. government (federal or state). This is a stereotypical ____ of what Native Americans might look like. No single physical ____ can defineNative people—all Indians do not look alike. Some have curly hair, others have ____; some may have green or blue eyes, others have dark brown. Native people can be tall or short and can have very ____ or ____ skin. Visit the Our Lives exhibition at the Museum to learn more about Native identity A phrase such as this implies that Native American people are wild or ____. Peoplesometimes ____ when talking about Native Americans. Some books use loaded words. They may refer to Native people as savages or to a Native war victory as a massacre, ____ ____. The terms squaw, papoose, and redskin are commonly used by the dominant society, ____, who consider them derogatory. Other phrases further instill misguided understandings. When someone says “low man on the totem pole,” they may not realize that totem poles tell important stories and the bottom figure is often the most important one (and usually not a man). Using the term “Indian giver” implies that ____. During your Museum visit, you may note that some historical U.S. government documents refer ____. Study the language in these documents to help students better understand the historic attitudes of the U.S. government toward Indians, and discuss how those attitudes may have ____. Although many Native people have ____ elements of their cultures into their clothing styles, most Native peoplewear regular, ____ clothing daily. But tribal and ceremonial dress are worn during important events or ceremonies and express the significant role of culture to Native people living in a contemporary world. Styles, colors, and designs of regalia or dress signify age, status, region, or spirituality to people who understand and recognize what they are looking at. Accoutrements such as feathers, jewelry, or headdresses also have special ____. Some Native people, however, wear elements of traditional-style clothing today for ____ reasons. For example, to keep warm, Igloolik hunters still wear sealskin mitts and boots when hunting walrus or caribou. Or, for comfort, some Native people wear moccasins with blue jeans The idea that all Native Americans participate in powwows is a ____. Historically, powwows began as intertribal____ among Plains tribes. Today, many Native people do ____ powwows all around the country in urban, reservation, and rural settings. Powwows serve many ____, including entertainment, renewal of friendships, dancing, singing, and celebrating identity. Powwows are social gatherings, but many also include dance ____ where dancers are judged on their regalia, dance styles, and ability to stay on beat with the drum music. Powwows promote respect and understanding among people of different tribal backgrounds. Tribal governments often use racial and political considerations to ____ that a person is a tribal member and mayidentify as a community member. Tribes’ ____ for ancestry and affiliation with a tribe or community often pre-date European contact. However, there is no single ____ standard to determine who is Native American. While degree of Native blood is a common determinant, “blood quantum” requirements for membership ____ from tribe to tribe and are ____ by the U.S. federal government’s forced definition of Native people in some instances. Each particular tribe, village, nation, and community has established their own criteria for their citizenship. Although these criteria may be cultural and traditional, they may also change with time or the needs of the community. Cultural identity is just as important to being “Native American” as the government’s designations.

n Facts & Attitudes about Native American People

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