Alliteration - repetition of consonants at start of words (“form follows function”), Consonance - repetition of consonants anywhere in words (“cackle and sack”), Allusion - named without an explanation (“Bellona’s Bridegroom” = Macbeth), Reference - named and explained (“Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, . . . “), Ambiguity - Representatives from France and Germany met at the UN to discuss its problem., Antecedent - Ms. Jones has her own laptop., Antithesis - “It was the best of times. It was the worst of times.” (Dickens), Apostrophe - “O Rose, thou art sick!” (William Blake, addressing the flower . . .), Appositive - “Ms. Smith, my math teacher, . . .”, Asyndeton - “We went running, dancing, spinning, laughing, twirling.”, Polysyndeton  - “We went running and dancing and spinning and laughing and twirling.“We went running and dancing and spinning and laughing and twirling.”, Chiasmus - “All for one, one for all . . .”, Complex Sentence - “Since I was hungry, I stopped for some lunch.”, Zeugma - Edward R. Murrow, “Having searched my conscience and my files...I cannot contend that I have always been right or wise...but I have attempted to pursue the truth with diligence...and to report it...even though, as in this case, I had been warned in advance...that I would be subjected to the attentions of Senator McCarthy.”, Compound Sentence - “I was hungry, and I stopped by the cafeteria for lunch.”, Compound Complex Sentence - "Since I was hungry I stopped for lunch, and I was feeling better afterwards.”, Connotation - consider the difference between “childlike” and “childish”, Cumulative Sentence - “I pledge allegiance to the flag of . . . “, Periodic sentence - “For all the difficulties and roadblocks, the setbacks and disappointments that I have tried to handle in the course of my life’s events, I resolve to fight.”, Dramatic Irony - Romeo doesn’t know Juliet is alive in the tomb in Act V of Romeo and Juliet, but the audience does (creates tension), Situational Irony - Darth Vader at the end of Return of the Jedi = he is evil for 3 movies and then has a huge moment of change right near the end; 3 friends in “The Pardoner’s Tale” by Chaucer swear oaths of brotherhood at the start of the story, but when they find a pot of gold they plot murder against each other . . ., Verbal Irony - “What a nice day outside!” (as it is cold and rainy…); when the tone is harsh, it is also sarcasm, Euphemism - “Excuse me while I go powder my nose.” (meaning—excused for the restroom), Figurative Language - (not literally happening) “The clouds are clusters of pink and orange cotton candy.”, Imagery - “The clouds have pink and orange hues.”, Inversion - “Help you I will.” (Yoda from Star Wars), Litotes - “Finishing a marathon is no small feat.” “You are not unwelcome.”, Metonymy - “The White House released a statement today.”, Synechdoche - “The captain said all hands on deck.”, Syllogism - “Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander/returneth to dust; the dust is earth; of earth/we make loam; and why of that loam whereto he/was converted might they not stop a beer barrel?” (Hamlet, Act V, Scene 1),

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