Present: expressing the reason of an action - Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a book., Present: two actions happened at the same time  - Standing in the queue, I realised I didn't have any money., Present: expressing the result of an action - Everyone looked at me, making me uncomfortable., Present: to add information about the subject of the main clause - Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city centre., Past: With a similar meaning to an if condition - Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise., Past: To give the reason for an action - Worried by the news, she called the hospital., Present Perfect: emphasising that an action happens before another one - Having brushed my teeth, I realised I hadn’t used my toothbrush., Participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions - In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.,

EF Advanced plus 2B CAE Participle Clauses

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