Bottom-up processing: Recognise key words in sentences., Use knowledge of word-order patterns to identify an embedded clause., Identify the referents of pronouns used in a text., Recognise sequence markers such as “first”, “then”, etc., Top-down processing: Infer the topic of a text by skimming the text., Infer the sequence of a series of events, which is not given in the text., Recognise the function of a paragraph in a longer text., Infer the role of participants in a situation., Guess unstated details of a situation., Guess what news headlines might refer to, then read news articles about the details of the headlines.,

Bottom-up or top-down processing

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