Environmental factors that affected settlement, 1. Water 2. Topography 3. Vegetation, Water, The Nile River & Mediterranean Sea > Provided: fresh water, food, crop growth, farm irrigation, transportation, Topography, *The Nile River Valley > good for crops *Mountains & Deserts > discouraged settlement, Vegetation, Plants for food, people made useful products out of plants like papyrus, Where did Egyptians and Kushites settle?, Near the coast of the Nile River, Which deserts was west and east of the Nile River?, West: Libyan Desert East: Nubian Desert, Where did ancient Israelites settled?, In Canaan, a land along the Mediterranean Sea, Old Kingdom Characteristics, 1. Lasted from 2700-2200 BCE 2. Pharaohs organized a strong central state 3. Pharaohs were absolute rulers 4. The pyramids at Giza were built 5. Power struggles, crop failures, cost of pyramids led to its collapse, Middle Kingdom Characteristics, 1. Lasted from 2000-1800 BCE 2. Large drainage project created farmland 3. Traders had contact with Middle East and Crete 4. Corruption & rebellion 5. Hyksos invaded the Delta region, New Kingdom Characteristics, 1. Lasted from 1600-1000 BCE 2. Powerful Pharaohs created a large empire 3. Hatshepsut encouraged trade 4. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria 5. Egyptian power declined, Pharaohs, Egyptian rulers, believed to be gods, kings, generals and religious leaders, built pyramids as tomds for themselves and their families, Khufu, 1. Ruled during the Old Kingdom 2. Built the Great Pyramid at Giza 3. Declared that he was a god, Senusret, 1. Ruled during the Middle Kingdom 2. Unified Egypt 3. Art, literature, architecture flourished during his reign 4. He built the White Chapel, Hatshepsut, 1. Ruled during the New Kingdom 2. First female pharaoh 3. Said her father was a god 4. Traded with other countries 5. Built the great temple at Dayr al-Bahri, Ramses II, 1. Ruled during the New Kingdom 2. Reigned more than 60 years 3. Famous for his military leadership and bulding monuments 4. Signed the world's 1st peace treaty 5. Built the temple complex at Abu Simbel, How was Egypt's society built?, Like a pyramid - The classes near the top had fewer people and more people at the lower status, Social Pyramid, Pharaoh, Supreme ruler, their word was law, Government officials, 1. Led luxury life 2. Powerful group 3. assisted the pharaoh, Priests, 1. inherited the position 2. Oversaw the sacred work of embalming, Scribes, 1. Egypt's official writers and record keepers 2. Highly respected 3. Worked for the government, priests & nobles 4. Only men 5. Scribe school lasted 12 years 6. Learned hieroglyphs 7. Every scribe used the same tools, Artisans, 1. Craftspeople 2. Highly skilled but low social status 3. Middle class, Peasants, 1. Largest and lowest social class 2. Farmers 3. Built pharaoh's projects 4. Fewest comforts, The three seasons of the Nile, 1. Flood season: June to September, peasants worked on royal projects 2. Planting season: Began in October 3. Harvest season: Began in March, everyone worked fron dawn to dusk, Family Life, Men were the head of the household, worked, supported the family, trained their sons to continue their work, Women managed the home, raised children, some had servants, Women could own land, run businesses, ask for divorce, Burial Process, 1. Priests oversaw this sacred ritual 2. Egyptians believed the god’s used the heart to judge the dead’s souls 3. Organs were preserved in jars 4. Wrapped the body in yards of linen 5. They decorated the body with jewelry and masks 6. Body was placed in a sarcophagus 7. They buried them with food, drinks, furniture, gold, clothes, games to have in the afterlife, Embalming, The method to preserve bodies from decay, Meroë, 1. Became the center of a Kushite civilization that lasted for nearly 1,000 years 2. Had all the requirements to produce iron, Ironworkers in Kush, They made a variety of objects. They crafted weapons like spears, arrows, and swords. They created tools to make farming faster and easier, including axes, for quickly clearing forests, and hoes, for loosening soil., Kandakes, Female leaders, queen mothers > Considered goddesses, they usually co-ruled alongside their sons or husbands., Amanirenas, Female leader of Kush, Defeated Rome and Augustus, Why are the social classes presented in a pyramid?, Most people were in the bottom classes, and the fewest at the top, Who built the giant temples of pharaohs?, peasant farmers during the flood season, Which activity was only allowed for men?, working as a scribe, How did most government officials get their jobs?, They inherited the position from a family member, What could women become in religion?, Priestesses, What was an important duty of the vizier?, to decide court cases, What was in the sanctuary of a temple?, a statue of a god, Why did Egyptians bury some bread and beer with their dead?, To feed them in the afterlife, How could a boy from a peasant family rise to a higher social class?, attend scribe school, Why did it take many years to become a scribe?, There were hundreds of hieroglyphs to learn, Skilled scribes wrote on papyrus, which was made from, a plant, Which of these groups has the lowest social status? (priests, scribes, artisands, government officials), artisans, Which of these is Ancient Egypt?, B, Upper class Egyptians viewed talented artisans as, common laborers, What describes the Egyptian belief about the afterlife?, A dead person's body and spirit stayed together after death, Which Pharaoh's tomb was uncovered in 1922, revealing of ancient treasures?, King Tut, The most famous military campaign that Ramses II fought against, The Hittite Empire, Pharaoh Ramses II was best known for, his military leadership, Which monument Hatshepsut left behind?, the great temple at Dayr al-Bahri, Why did Hatshepsut send five ships to the African Kingdom of Punt?, to exchange trade goods, Why did Hatshepsut portray herself as a man?, Egyptians always respected male rulers more, How did Hatshepsut come to power?, She shared power with male relatives at first, then took over herself, What happened to the the White Chapel?, It was taken apart by a later pharaoh and restores recently by archeologists, In "The Story of Sinuhe" why does Sinuhe leave Egypt?, He fears for his own life, Artisans created jewerly out of gold, copper and gems such as, purple amethyst, What flourished during Serset's reign?, architecture, literature and art, How did Khufu reach his status as a god?, he declared himself a god, How does the work of Egyptian artisans help us learn about life in ancient Egypt?, They carved and painted scenes of everyday life, The stone statue is most likely depicts, a pharaoh, The Great Pyramid of Giza was, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, Why did Khufu keep strict control of Egypt's food supply?, To establish the pharaoh as a central authority, Pharaoh Khufu is best known as, the builder of the Great Pyramid, The pyramids were built as, Tombs for pharaohs, Ancient Egypt's power reached its height during?, The New Kingdom, The Age of Pyramids was also known as, The Old Kingdom, Which physical feature contributed to fertile soil and foreign trade?, The Nile River, How did historians learn about ancient Kush?, Egyptian tomb wall paintings, In what form did many farmers pay their taxes?, Grain, What season comes after the flooding season?, The planting season

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