Genotype - The genetic information or genes carried by an individual , Phenotype - The observable characteristics of an individual. Caused by the interaction of genes and the environment, Gene - A section of DNA that codes for a protein, metabolic pathway - A series of biochemical reactions where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next., Enzymes - A type of protein that speeds up biochemical processes within the cell. Either builds up or breaks down molecules., Substrate - A molecule that an enzyme reacts with., Active site - The place on an enzyme where substrates are broken down or built up. They have a specific shape so they only work for one substrate., Denatured - When enzymes are damaged by environmental conditions. The bonds holding the protein in shape break and the enzyme becomes non functional., Environmental factor - An external factor that affects the individuals phenotype but does not change their phenotype, mutation - A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA that may lead to a change in the protein produced., Samesense mutation - A mutation that has no impact of the protein that is coded for, Missense mutation - A mutation that results in a different amino acid being coded for and therefore changes the protein produced., nonsense mutation - A mutation that results in a stop codon being coded for instead of an amino acid., Substitution mutation - A mutation where one base code is switched for another in the DNA., Insertion mutation - A mutation where one base code is added to DNA. Causes a frameshift., Deletion mutation - A mutation where a base is removed from DNA. Causes a frameshift, Frameshift - A deletion or substitution mutation causes a change in all of the amino acids coded for after the mutation, and so has a major impact of the protein coded for. , Mutagen - An environmental factor that increases the chances of a mutation occuring., Redundancy and degeneracy - More than one codon codes for the same amino acid, Advantage of redundancy - Substitution mutations may not change the protein that is coded for, Silent mutation - A mutation that results a protein being produced that still functions normally.,

NCEA level 2 gene expression mutations and metabolic pathways

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