Isolation - This step involves breaking open the cells of the donor and adding a genetic probe to reveal and isolate the gene of interest i.e. the insulin producing gene, Cutting - Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut the DNA strand within the recognition sequence to produce 'sticky ends' on both the donor DNA and the plasmid DNA., Ligation & Insertion - Rejoining cut fragments of DNA via an enzyme called Ligase, and forming artificial recombinant hybrid molecules, Transformation - Recombinant DNA is introduced into bacterial cell, Expression - The organism with the recombinant DNA produces the desired protein,

Steps in Genetic Engineering

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