What is a convection current? - It is a cycle of moving material (liquids or gases) that are moving due to density differences., At a mid-ocean ridge, are the rocks closest to it younger or older in age than the rocks farthest from it? - Younger - closer Older - further, What causes materials like magma and lava to rise up through the Earth? - Convection, What is the most dense layer of Earth? - The inner core, Why do earthquakes occur? - Because Earth’s plates hit into each other and release energy we call seismic energy, The San Andreas Fault is a? - Transform boundary, What Earth materials do S-waves (secondary/shear waves) travel through? - Solids only, What Earth materials do P-waves (primary/compressional waves) travel through? - Liquids and solids, Do seismic waves move faster or slower through more dense material inside of Earth? - Slower, What is the eccentricity of a straight line? - 1, What is the eccentricity of a perfect circle? - 0, Celestial objects that orbit the sun, orbit in a circular path or an elliptical path? - Elliptical, When a satellite is closest to its primary, does it move fastest or slowest in its orbit? - Fastest because it is under the influence of more gravitational attraction, Where will the less dense hydrogen gas be found in a star? - In the outer layer/outer shell, What process in a star converts hydrogen into helium? - Nuclear fusion, What force is acting in space, holding matter together and keeping us revolving around the sun? - Gravity, What elements are stars, like our sun made of? - Mostly lower density Hydrogen fusing to form more dense Helium., How do you think pollution affects humans? - Pollution has a negative effect on humans, Why have we not found life on other planets? - They are too far or close to the sun. They don’t have water or oxygen. They don’t have an atmosphere to help regulate the temperature., What characteristics does a habitable planet need? - Liquid water, an atmosphere with oxygen and the perfect distance away from the sun., Where do earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes frequently happen? - At plate boundaries, Where do all stars form? - In a nebula cloud, What is the relationship between color and temperature? - Blue - hot, red - cold, Why do most massive stars live shorter lives because? - They use their fuel quickly, Stars 30-40 times more massive than our sun will live a ______ life, explode as a __________ and end up as a ________ - Shorter, supernova, black hole, Stars 10- 20 times more massive than our sun will live a _____ life and will explode as a _________ and end as a ___________ - Shorter, supernova, neutron star, Stars the same size as our sun will stay in main sequence then become a _________ then a _________ - Red giant, white dwarf, Constant - as one variable increases, the other remains the same, Cyclic - as one variable increases, the other variable increases and decreases over and over, Indirect / inverse - as one variable increases, the other variable decreases, Direct - as one variable increases, the other variable increase, What was the supercontinent called? - Pangea, How does radiation decay generate heat? - By releasing energy in the form of radiation?, Where does the heat from convection currents come from? - Earths core, Where cold material sinks - When tectonic plates are pushed together, Where does hot material rise? - When tectonic plates are pushed apart, Why does hot material rise? - Because it is less dense, How fast is the mid-atlantic ridge diverging? - 2-5 centimeters per year, Name a convergent boundary - Juan De Fuca Plate, How many tectonic plates are there? - Seven, What two features form in the middle of the ocean? - Mid ocean ridges and trenches, What three features form when oceanic crust subducts underneath continental crust? - Trenches, volcanoes and earthquakes, Hawaiian islands form over what? - Hotspot, Which places would be most at risk for an earthquake, volcano, and/or tsunami? - Locations situated at or near plate boundaries, since that is where these natural hazards occur., What is the relationship between age of the rock and proximity to the mid-ocean ridge? - As distance from the ridge increases, age increases, Why do tsunamis happen? - They happen when an earthquake occurs in the ocean, Seafloor spreading? - magma rises up at the ridge and pushes the existing seafloor (older rock) to the sides), Transform - plates sliding past each other, DIvergent - plates moving away from each other, Convergent - plates moving toward each other, What is a tsunami? - A large wave that can devastate a coastal region, Why do subduction zones occur - Because the oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust, so it sinks underneath., The deepest earthquakes are? - Subduction zones at convergent plate boundaries, Earths internal heat comes from where? - Radioactive decay, At convergent plate boundaries earthquakes are - Deep and powerful, Transform plate boundaries have - Shallow but very powerful earthquakes, At divergent plate boundaries earthquakes tend to be _____ - Weak and shallow, The magnetic field is important because? - Because it protects earth from the solar wind, In the Earths core Least dense materials are on _______ the most dense materials are on the _______ - Top, bottom, When a wave enters a new medium it changes - speed and direction, S waves are.. - blocked and absorbed, P waves are _____ by the liquid outer core - refracted / bent, Composition of Earths interior - Meteorites and lava, S waves are - Slow, secondary, perpendicular, travel only through solids, P waves are? - Fast, primary, push - pull, can travel through all materials, Earthquake waves are recorded with what device? - Seismograph, What are the two types of earthquake waves? - P and S waves, Earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis cause a lot of - Death and destruction, A planet wants to fly off in a straight line _________ but the gravitational attraction from the star it orbits keeps the planet pulled toward it, and forces it to orbit it. - centrifugal force, Perihelion - point closest to the Sun in the orbit, Aphelion - point farthest from the Sun in the orbit, What is Keplers third law? - The square of a planet’s orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. Formula: Ms X T2 = R3, What is Keplers second law - Equal area in equal time (when a planet is closer to the Sun it travels faster than when it is further from the Sun), What is Kepler's first law? - Planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits (not perfectly circular), with the Sun at one focus. Formula eccentricity = distance b/w foci/length of major axis, As a planets distance from the sun _____ its orbital period ______ - Increases, increases, In order to have liquid water what has to be just right? - Distance from the sun, Objects that orbit closer to the Sun are in what form? - Vapor form, Objects further from the Sun are in what form? - Solid form, Stars spend the majority of their life in what sequence? - Main sequence, What force pulls the clouds of dust together to make new stars? - Gravity, What happens when the forces become unbalanced? - What happens when the forces become unbalanced?, Most massive stars live shorter lives because? - Their rate of fusion is faster, The next stage of the star life cycle after Red giant is? - White dwarf, How are elements higher than iron produced? - When a star explodes as a supernova, How are elements like oxygen, hydrogen and iron made? - Through fusion that occurs in massive stars, Through fusion that occurs in massive stars - Does not have temperatures and pressures great enough, What is the sun made up of? - Hydrogen and helium, How old is the solar system? - 4.6 billion years, What is the expected lifespan of the sun? - 10 billion years, Nuclear fusion takes two hydrogen and turns them into? - Helium, The sun is undergoing - Nuclear fusion, What can humans to to make the earth a more habitable place? - Drive more energy efficient vehicles,Use renewable energy sources, Reduce reuse and recycle!, What does the rise in sea levels cause? - Temperature, pH and salinity of the ocean,Currents of the ocean, Coral reefs and migration patterns of fish, What causes the sea levels to rise? - Global warming which melts ice., What is carbon dioxide? - A greenhouse gas, Why is Earth becoming less habitable? - The increase of carbon dioxide, Earth is how many years old? - 4.6 billion years, What were the first types of living things? - Simple, unicellular organisms, Simple, unicellular organisms - Lots of available liquid, an atmosphere and perfect distance and temperature from the sun,

Earth Space Science Midterm

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