Democracy - Emerged in Ancient Greece as direct democracy., Direct democracy - A form of democracy where citizens vote directly on laws and policies., Representative democracy - A democracy where people elect representatives to make decisions for them., Paradox of Voting - The idea that voting is irrational because the cost of voting outweighs the tiny chance of affecting the outcome., Single-Member District Plurality (SMDP) - An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins a single seat., Majority Runoff Rule - A system requiring a candidate to win at least 50%; if not, the top two compete in a second election., Proportional Representation (PR) - Seats are distributed to parties based on their share of the total vote., Dictator’s Dilemma - The problem authoritarian leaders face when people fear telling the truth, making it hard to know real support levels., Duverger’s Law - The idea that SMDP rules tend to produce two-party systems.,

Lecture 15 - Warm up

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