The first stable ____ settlements appeared when agriculture replaced nomadic existence. The first cities were centres for commerce, politics, defence and distribution of ____ surplus. The earliest examples of planned cities in history were in ____ Iraq and India. In these cities some ____ were paved and there were both commercial and residential streets. The first examples of cities in the West were in Greece and in Italy. Many European ____ are still based on schemes that date back to the times of the Romans, who put all the streets at right ____, set out in a square grid. During the Middle Ages there was no trace of ____ urban planning in Europe. Cities grew around a fortress or a fortified abbey. Most of them were ____ on high defensible ground and their plans followed the irregularities of elevation contours. They offered protection both to ____ city and rural inhabitants during enemy attacks. Things changed again during the ____ A great number of important artists created beautiful ____ in many cities which were accurately designed by architects and city planners. In Florence, for example, radial streets extended outward from a defined ____.

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