The idea that proficiency in one language can support learning in another language, as skills like problem-solving and abstract thinking transfer across languages., Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP), BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills), The wrong idea that students who can communicate socially in a second language are fully proficient, when they may still lack academic language skills., Fluency misconception, CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency), This theoretical model states that language proficiency has different levels, and bilingual students must reach a certain level in their first language to fully benefit cognitively from bilingualism., Threshold Theory, Scaffolding, A teaching strategy that provides structured support, such as sentence starters, visuals, and guided practice, to help EAL students develop academic language skills, Iceberg Model, Scaffolding.

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