Operatsion tizim, Kompyuter resurslarini boshqaruvchi asosiy dasturiy muhit (Windows, Linux, macOS), Kompyuter tarmoqidagi qurilmalarning bir-biriga ulanish sxemasi va tuzilishi, RAM, Tarmoqdagi qurilmalar o'rtasida ma'lumot almashish qoidalari to'plami, Protsessor hozir ishlayotgan dasturlar ma'lumotlarini vaqtincha saqlovchi tezkor xotira, SSD, Dasturlash tili kodini kompyuter tushunadigan mashina kodiga tarjima qiluvchi dastur, An'anaviy HDD ga qaraganda 5-10 marta tezroq ishlovchi qattiq holat xotirasi, DNS, Domen nomlarini IP-manzillarga aylantirib beruvchi tarmoq xizmati, Raqamli tasvirning eng kichik elementi — rang va yorqinlik birligiga ega nuqta, Firewall, Tarmoqqa kiruvchi va chiquvchi ma'lumot paketlarini nazorat qiluvchi himoya tizimi, Kompyuter ma'lumotining eng kichik birligi — 0 yoki 1 qiymati.

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