Flexion, Reducing the angle between the bones of a limb at a joint. Examples include bending the knee when preparing to kick a football, Extension, Straightening a limb to increase the angle at the joint, e.g. straightening your arm to return to your starting position in a biceps curl, Hyperextension, Movement beyond the normal anatomical position in a direction opposite to flexion, e.g. at the spine when a cricketer arches their back when bowling, Plantarflexion, A movement that points the toes downwards by straightening the ankle, e.g. jumping to defend in netball, Dorsiflexion, An upward movement at the ankle, e.g. moving the foot to pull the toes towards the knee in walking, Lateral flexion, The movement of bending sideways, for example, at the waist, Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension, Movement of bringing your arm across your body (flexion) and then back again (extension), Abduction, Movement away from the body’s vertical midline, e.g. at the hip in a side-step in gymnastics, Adduction, Movement towards the body’s vertical midline, e.g. performing a pull up, Rotation, Medial or lateral twisting movement that occurs in the transverse plane, Circumduction, A circular movement that results in a conical action, Pronation, A rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards., Supination, Where the forearm or palm are rotated outwards., Elevation, An upwards movement, e.g. shrugging where the scapula is raised, Depression, The opposite of elevation and involves a downwards or inferior action, Retraction, A backwards movement in which the shoulder moves backwards during the pulling phase of a rowing action, Protraction, A forward movement in which the shoulder moves forward during the reaching phase of a rowing action.

Joint actions

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