OPENING, The start of a text., FOCUS, This is what the writer focuses on as the text develops., SHIFTS, Changes in ideas and perspectives, e.g. outside to inside., CONTRAST, The differences between two things., REPETITION, When words, phrases or ideas are repeated for effect., PACE, The feeling of speed in the writing., TEMPORAL REFERENCES, References to time., ENDINGS, The conclusion of a text., FLASHBACK/FLASHFOREWARD, Taking the reader back or forward in time., FORSHADOWING, A warning or a hint about something which is to come., FOREBODING, Warns that something evil or harmful is to come., DIALOGUE, Conversations and speech., CHARACTERS, People or animals in a text., SETTING, The location(s) used in a text., SENTENCE TYPE/LENGTH, Varied sentence types e.g. simple, compound & complex or lengths e.g. short & long., PARAGRAPH LENGTHS, Similar to sentences – used to highlight significant points or add detail., ZOOMING IN/ZOOMING OUT, Shifting the focus from something small to the wider perspective., TENSION, A point in the text that creates a sense of suspense e.g. rising action, climax, cliff-hanger, falling action, resolution., MOOD, This describes the atmosphere in a text e.g. dark, cheerful, reflective, romantic etc..

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