Guided Activity - encourages essential and generative processing by prompting students to engage in the selection, organization, and integration of new information, Reflection - promotes essential and generative processing by encouraging more active organization and integration of new information, Feedback - reduces extraneous processing by providing students with proper schemas to repair misconceptions, Pacing - reduces representational holding by allowing students to process smaller chunks of information in working memory, Pretraining - helps guide the learner's generative processing by showing which aspects of prior knowledge to integrate with incoming information,

Five Design Principles

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