1) What is an independent variable? a) The variable that changes as a result of the experiment. b) The variable that the researcher manipulates or controls. c) The variable that is observed or measured in the experiment. d) The variable that is affected by the participants' personal opinions. 2) What is a dependent variable? a) The variable that the researcher manipulates or controls. b) The variable that changes as a result of the experiment. c) The variable that is affected by the participants' personal opinions. d) The variable that is observed or measured in the experiment. 3) In a study examining the effect of different study durations on test scores, what is the independent variable? a) Test scores. b) Different study durations. c) Participants' personal opinions. d) The researcher's observations. 4) Which of the following is an example of a nominal level of measurement? a) Age in years. b) Height in inches. c) Gender. d) Weight in pounds. 5) What level of measurement does a variable have if it has a meaningful zero point and allows for meaningful addition and subtraction? a) Nominal. b) Ordinal. c) Interval. d) Ratio. 6) In a survey, participants are asked to rate their satisfaction with a product on a scale of 1 to 5. Which level of measurement does this represent? a) Nominal. b) Interval. c) Ratio. d) Ordinal. 7) Which research design involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable? a) Descriptive. b) Correlational. c) Experimental. d) Observational. 8) What research design aims to describe characteristics or behaviors of a population or phenomenon? a) Experimental. b) Correlational. c) Descriptive. d) Longitudinal. 9) Which design examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them? a) Experimental. b) Descriptive. c) Cross-sectional d) Correlational 10) In which research design is random assignment often used to ensure equal group distribution? a) Experimental b) Correlational c) Descriptive d) Cross-sectional

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