1) is a fallacy of relevance where someone rejects or criticizes another person’s view on the basis of personal characteristics, background, physical appearance, or other features irrelevant to the argument at issue. a) ad hominem b) a logical fallacy c) appeal to Ignorance d) appeal to authority 2) is an error in reasoning common enough to warrant a fancy name a) a logical fallacy b) appeal to ignorance c) ad hominem d) equivocation 3) is more than just an insult. It’s an insult used as if it were an argument or evidence in support of a conclusion. Verbally attacking people proves nothing about the truth or falsity of their claims. It is commonly known in politics as “mudslinging.” Instead of addressing the candidate’s stance on the issues, or addressing his or her effectiveness as a statesman or stateswoman, an ad hominem focuses on personality issues, speech patterns, wardrobe, style, and other things that affect popularity but have no bearing on their competence. a) An ad hominem b) equivocation c) appeal to ignorance d) appeal to authority 4) it is aptly named after a harmless, lifeless, scarecrow. In the strawman argument, someone attacks a position the opponent doesn’t really hold. Instead of contending with the actual argument, a) strawman b) equivocation c) ad hominem d) appeal to authority 5) is a cheap and easy way to make one’s position look stronger than it is. Using this fallacy, opposing views are characterized as “non-starters,” lifeless, truthless, and wholly unreliable. By comparison, one’s own position will look better for it. a) strawman b) appeal to ignorance c) appeal to authority d) equivocation 6) Interestingly, appeal to ignorance is often used to bolster multiple contradictory conclusions at once. Any time ignorance is used as a major premise in support of an argument, a) circular reasoning b) appeal to ignorance c) ad hominem d) false dilemma 7) “No one has ever been able to prove definitively that extra-terrestrials exist, so they must not be real.” a) appeal to Ignorance b) false dilemma c) appeal to PITY d) appeal to authority 8) This fallacy has a few other names: “black-and-white fallacy,” “either-or fallacy,” “false dichotomy,” and “bifurcation fallacy.” This line of reasoning fails by limiting the options to two when there are in fact more options to choose from. a) ad hominem b) false dilemma c) appeal to authority d) strawman 9) Sometimes the choices are between one thing, the other thing, or both things together (they don’t exclude each other). Sometimes there is a whole range of options, three, four, five, or a hundred and forty-five. However it may happen, the false dichotomy fallacy errs by oversimplifying the range of options. a) false dilemma b) ad hominem c) strawman d) appeal to ignorance 10) “Either we go to war, or we appear weak.” “Either you love me, or you hate me.” These are examples of __________________ a) strawman b) false dilemma c) ad hominem d) appeal to authority 11) “Your coach’s policy is that no one can be a starter on game day if they miss practice. So, if you miss basketball practice today, you won’t be a starter in Friday’s game. Then you won’t be the first freshman to start on the Varsity basketball team at our school.” a) slippery slope b) strawman c) equivocation d) causal fallacy 12) It’s hard enough to prove one thing is happening or has happened; it’s even harder to prove a whole series of events will happen. That’s a claim about the future, and we haven’t arrived there yet. We, generally, don’t know the future with that kind of certainty. It slides right over that difficulty by assuming that chain of future events without really proving their likelihood. a) hasty generalization b) circular argument c) slippery slope d) false dilemma 13) When a person’s argument is just repeating what they already assumed beforehand, it’s not arriving at any new conclusion. a) circular argument b) hasty generalization c) slippery slope d) False dilemma 14) “If A is true because B is true; B is true because A is true”. Another example of circular reasoning is, “According to my brain, my brain is reliable.” Well, yes, of course we would think our brains are in fact reliable if our brains are the one’s telling us that our brains are reliable. a) circular argument b) hasty generalization c) slippery slope d) False dilemma 15) “Smoking pot is against the law because it’s wrong; I know it’s wrong because it is against the law.” is an example of_____________________ a) circular argument b) hasty generalization c) slippery slope d) False dilemma 16) It is made out of a rush to have a conclusion, leading the arguer to commit some sort of illicit assumption, stereotyping, unwarranted conclusion, overstatement, or exaggeration. a) hasty generalization b) causal fallacy c) slippery slope d) appeal to ignorance 17) “People nowadays only vote with their emotions instead of their brains.” a) equivocation b) hasty generalization c) causal fallacy d) appeal to authority 18) “Jimmy has a fever, sinus congestion, a cough, and can’t come to school, so he probably has a test later today.” a) causal fallacy b) equivocation c) strawman d) circular argument 19) “Since your parents named you ‘Harvest,’ they must be farmers.” a) causal fallacy b) circular argument c) hasty generalization d) equivocation 20) his misuse of authority can occur in a number of ways. We can cite only authorities — steering conveniently away from other testable and concrete evidence as if expert opinion is always correct. Or we can cite irrelevant authorities, poor authorities, or false authorities. a) hasty generalization b) causal fallacy c) Equivocation d) appeal to authority 21) a word, phrase, or sentence is used deliberately to confuse, deceive, or mislead by sounding like it’s saying one thing but actually saying something else. a) circular reasoning b) slippery slope c) equivocation d) causal fallacy 22) has a tone of deception instead of just a simple misunderstanding. Often this deception shows up in the form of euphemisms, replacing unpleasant words with “nicer” terminology a) equivocation b) hasty generalization c) slippery slope d) circular argument 23) “I don’t understand why you’re saying I broke a promise. I said I’d never speak again to my ex-girlfriend. And I didn’t. I just sent her some pictures and text messages.” a) slippery slope b) appeal to authority c) appeal to ignorance d) equivocation 24) the emotional aspect is a key insight into whether something is morally repugnant or praiseworthy, or whether a governmental policy will be winsome or repulsive. People’s feelings about something can be critically important data when planning a campaign, advertising a product, or rallying a group together for a charitable cause. It is ________________________when the emotions are used in substitution for facts or as a distraction from the facts of the matter. a) appeal to ignorance b) appeal to authority c) appeal to pity d) slippery slope 25) “Professor, you have to give me an A on this paper. I know I only turned in a sentence and some clip art, but you have to understand, my grandmother suddenly died while traveling in the Northern Yukon, and her funeral was there so I had to travel, and my parents got divorced in the middle of the ceremony, and all the stress caused me to become catatonic for two weeks. Have some pity, my grandmother’s last wish was that I’d get an A in this class.” a) appeal to ignorance b) appeal to pity c) appeal to authority d) hasty generalization

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