Peter the Great (Russia) - Westernization. No beards, started mandatory schooling, reorganized the military. Reigned 1682-1721, Charles I (England) - Executed by the Parliamentarians - accused of starting the English Civil War. Reigned 1625-1649., Charles II (England) - Restored to the throne after the death of Oliver Cromwell. Reigned 1660-1685., Oliver Cromwell (England) - Lord Protector of England from 1653-1658; defeated the Royalists during the English Civil War (Charles I and Charles II), King Louis XIV (France) - 1643-1715. "I am the state." Sun King. Palace of Versailles., Catherine the Great (Russia) - Continued Westernization from 1762-1796. Expanded borders, education, and culture., Divine Right of Kings - Answerable to no one but God. Not subject to earthly authority. Rebellion against monarchs a sin. Obedience to monarch without question., Absolutism - a political system where a single ruler, usually a monarch, has complete authority and is not limited by other institutions,

Absolute Monarchs

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