1) What is natural selection, and how does it lead to adaptation in a population over generations? a) It eliminates all mutations from a population b) It favors traits that increase survival and reproduction over time c) It randomly selects traits without environmental influence d) It creates new species instantly 2) Compare and contrast homologous structures and analogous structures. What do these structures tell us about evolutionary relationships between species? a) They prove all animals evolved from fish b) They show that function is always linked to ancestry c) They help scientists understand common ancestry or convergent evolution d) They are both results of genetic drift 3) How does a mutation contribute to genetic variation, and why is this important for the survival of a species? a) Mutations introduce new traits that may help organisms adapt to changing environments b) Mutations always result in harmful effects c) Genetic variation reduces survival chances d) Survival depends only on environment, not genes 4) What is the role of fossils in understanding the evolutionary history of life on Earth? a) They only show us when extinction occurred b) They only help in identifying extinct plants c) Fossils are random and unreliable d) They provide physical evidence of past organisms and transitional forms 5) Explain the difference between microevolution and macroevolution, and give an example of each. a) They both refer to changes that occur in one individual’s lifetime b) Microevolution leads to extinction, macroevolution does not c) Microevolution involves small genetic changes in a population; macroevolution involves large changes like new species d) Macroevolution only applies to mammals 6) How do gene flow and genetic drift influence the allele frequencies in a population? a) Gene flow decreases variation; genetic drift increases it b) Both eliminate all variation c) Gene flow moves alleles between populations; genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies d) Genetic drift is controlled by natural selection 7) What is the theory of evolution by natural selection as proposed by Charles Darwin? How does it differ from Lamarck’s theory? a) Darwin believed traits could be acquired through effort b) Darwin believed traits that are favorable are passed down through reproductive success c) Lamarck believed in survival of the fittest only d) Darwin did not believe in variation among species 8) Describe how speciation occurs and the role of reproductive isolation in forming new species. a) Speciation occurs without any genetic changes b) Reproductive isolation prevents gene flow, leading to new species over time c) Speciation only happens when populations stay in the same location d) Reproductive isolation has no effect on evolution 9) How do vestigial structures provide evidence for common ancestry? a) They are recent traits created by genetic engineering b) They appear only in humans c) They are remnants of structures that were functional in ancestors d) They serve important current functions in all animals 10) What is the significance of DNA sequencing in studying phylogenetics and constructing evolutionary trees (cladograms)? a) It proves that all animals are unrelated b) It allows scientists to compare genetic material to infer relationships and ancestry c) It is only used in forensic science d) DNA sequencing has no role in evolutionary studies

Biology Evolution

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