photon - the fundamental, massless particle of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect - the emission of electrons from a material when electromagnetic radiation (like light) of sufficient frequency strikes it, work function - the minimum amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a solid surface, emission spectra - a collection of specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (light) emitted by a substance, typically from electrons transitioning from a higher energy state to a lower one, ground state - the lowest possible energy state of a quantum mechanical system, such as an atom or molecule, excited state - a temporary condition of an atom, molecule, or other physical system where it possesses higher energy than its lowest possible energy configuration, quantum - the minimum discrete amount of any physical property involved in an interaction, Malus’s Law - describes how the intensity of a plane-polarized light beam changes after passing through a second polarizing filter, called an analyzer, superposition quantum states - a fundamental principle where a quantum system, like an electron, exists in multiple distinct states simultaneously until measured (analogy of a coin be both heads and tails at once), Heisenberg uncertainty principle - it's fundamentally impossible to simultaneously know both the exact position and the exact momentum (or velocity) of a quantum particle, such as an electron, with perfect accuracy, wave-particle duality of light - quantum objects like photons and electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties,

Physics: Modern Physics

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