This is caused by either natural or man-made events wherein communities experience several danger and loss of lives and properties causing disruption to their social structure to all or some of the affected communities - Disaster, Probability of harmful consequences or expected loss of lives, people injured, livelihoods, disruption of economic activities - Disaster Risk, An event or occurrence that has the potential to cause harm to life and damage property and the environment - Hazard, Comprises conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community, school or certain area in a locality to the impact of hazards - Vulnerability, Positive resources and abilities which are helpful to individuals, families, and communities in mitigating, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the hazard impact - Capacities, Give the 5 risk factors underlying disasters (UNDP.ORG) - Severity of Exposure, Gender and Family, Age, Developing Countries, Low or Negative Social Support, it refers to the elements of risk from a natural or man-made hazard event - exposure, a generic term that signifies everything that might be exposed to hazards, ranging from buildings to the economy and from individual persons to communities - element at risk, The denser the population, the more efficient a response should be, considering the number of people that might be affected by a disaster - Population Density , Very old and very young populations are less mobile and able to respond to hazard events well. This makes them more vulnerable compared to others, and this requires more attention from the government and other support agencies especially during emergency evacuation or relocation - Age of Population, Regardless of density, populations may be distributed differently within the hazard area, e.g., elderly people on lower floors of apartment buildings, or concentrations of highly vulnerable people in poorer areas of a city. This must be seriously considered in human settlement planning and relocation activities of the government - Distribution of Population , Low income populations are less likely to be well prepared. Part of the preparation is having a Survival Kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for at least 3-5 days. Poor families will find a hard time to do such preparation due to lack of money to spend - Wealth, Education programs such as the Metro Manila Development Authority's (MMDA) Shake Drill can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events, like the "Big One“. Hence, they are encouraging schools to make this preventive action part of their regular activities, at least once every quarter - Education, In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency - Nature of Society, Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in Disaster Preparedness Planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster - Understanding of the Area, Preparation is the key element of prevention. Preparation for a disaster is embodied in an Emergency Plan. Where monitoring and communication are in place, the emergency planning is likely to prepare a person or a group (family) for such events and act based on data, rather than prediction - Emergency Planning, Countries with good quality and widespread communication networks allow messages to be quickly shared. Communication plays a very important and crucial role in times of disaster. Communication Plan is a very salient component of Emergency Planning that should not be left out - Communication Networks , Established monitoring system can prepare people for the onslaught of any kind of disaster - Scientific Monitoring and Early Warning Systems , Rigorous and applied building codes protect most buildings from collapse during earthquakes. This should be seriously considered by the government in the issuance of building permits and licenses for land development - Building Codes , Outside help in the form of humanitarian aid is necessary during a disaster. However, it should be fast and efficient, Inefficiency and mismanagement of aids, especially foreign aids, will possibly result to further deaths and loss of property - Aid Request , They are trained for community preparedness. The availability of such personnel will vary depending on the time of day and location of the hazard event. The Philippines being a developing country and prone to different types of disaster should take into consideration the training of more emergency personnel as part of disaster risk mitigation, reduction, and management - Emergency Personnel , Another important aspect of preparation is how to deal with the after-effects of a disaster. Disasters, like earthquakes and typhoons, normally inflict damages to life, property, and even to environmental sources of living. Part of their preparation, individuals purchase insurance policies to offset their losses, thus preparing them better for similar future events - Insurance Cover, 4 TYPES OF VULNERABILITY - Physical, Economic, Social, Environmental, It refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values. It includes aspects related to levels of literacy and education, the existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights, systems of good governance, social equity, positive traditional values, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational systems - Social Vulnerability, The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals, communities, and nations. The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being negatively impacted by disasters. The same people are the least prepared due to lack of access to education and information - Economic Vulnerability, It may be determined by aspects such as population density levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site, design, and materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing - Physical Vulnerability, Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Mitigation measures like reforestation and natural resource protection and conservation must be undertaken to reduce natural disaster risk and vulnerability - Environmental Vulnerability, signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is derived from the interaction of social and environmental processes, from the combination of physical hazards and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements - Risk, Deforestation of mountains due to illegal logging is the main cost of landslides and mudflows like what happened in Ormoc, Leyte (1994) and Infanta, Quezon (2011). What type of vulnerability is this?  - Environmental, When flooding occurs, some citizens such as children, elderly and. persons with disability /differently-able (PWDs), may be unable to protect themselves or evacuate if necessary. The educated and well-informed are more likely to survive when disaster strikes. There would be lesser casualty in communities with emergency plans backed up by emergency personnel as compared to those without. It is an example of what type of vulnerability?  - Social, Poorer families may live in squatter settlements because they cannot afford to live in safer (more expensive) areas. In Metro Manila, the so-called "urban poor build their shanties or improvised houses along riverbanks and esteros, making them prone to flash floods. Light materials that build their homes make them exposed to fire hazards as well. What type of vulnerability? - Economic, wooden homes are less likely to collapse in an earthquake but are more vulnerable to fire. Houses built with light materials may not be a problem during an earthquake but may be totally damaged by a super typhoon. It is an example of what type of vulnerability? - Physical, a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth - Natural Disaster, are results of man's negligence, errors, or intentions - Man-Made Disaster, 3 categories of MAN-MADE DISASTER - technological or industrial disasters, transportation disasters, social disasters,

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