LAN - A Local Area Network; connects devices in a small, limited area like a home, office, or school., WAN - A Wide Area Network; connects networks over large geographic areas., MAN - A Metropolitan Area Network; spans a city or large campus., PAN - A Personal Area Network; short-range connections like Bluetooth between personal devices., Star Topology - A network layout where all devices connect to a central hub or switch., Bus Topology - A network layout where all devices share one communication line or cable., Mesh Topology - A network layout where every device connects to every other device; very fault-tolerant., Router - A device that connects different networks and directs traffic between them., Switch - A device that connects devices within a LAN and sends data only to the correct device., Hub - A device that sends data to all devices in a network; less efficient than a switch., Access Point (AP) - A device that provides wireless connectivity to a wired network., Modem - A device that converts digital signals to analog and back, allowing internet access., Firewall - A system that blocks or allows network traffic based on security rules., TCP - A reliable, connection-based protocol used for sending data., UDP - A faster but connectionless protocol used for streaming and speed., IP - The protocol that handles addressing and routing packets across networks., DNS - Translates human-friendly domain names to IP addresses., DHCP - Automatically assigns IP addresses and network settings to devices., HTTP/HTTPS - Web communication protocols; HTTPS adds encryption for secure browsing., FTP/SFTP - Protocols used to transfer files; SFTP is the secure version., IPv4 - A 32-bit IP address format (e.g., 192.168.1.1); most commonly used today., IPv6 - A newer 128-bit IP address format designed to replace IPv4., Subnet Mask - Divides an IP address into the network and host portions., Default Gateway - The device that routes traffic from a local network to the internet (often a router)., ping - A tool to test if a device is reachable over the network., tracert/traceroute - A tool to trace the path packets take to a destination., ipconfig / ifconfig - Displays a device’s current IP and network settings (Windows/Linux)., nslookup - Looks up DNS info for domains to troubleshoot name resolution., netstat - Shows active connections and ports used by your system., nmap - Scans networks for open ports and services.,

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