OPENING - The start of a text., FOCUS - This is what the writer focuses on as the text develops., SHIFTS - Changes in ideas and perspectives, e.g. outside to inside., CONTRAST - The differences between two things., REPETITION - When words, phrases or ideas are repeated for effect., PACE - The feeling of speed in the writing., TEMPORAL REFERENCES - References to time., ENDINGS - The conclusion of a text., FLASHBACK/FLASHFOREWARD - Taking the reader back or forward in time., FORSHADOWING - A warning or a hint about something which is to come., FOREBODING - Warns that something evil or harmful is to come., DIALOGUE - Conversations and speech., CHARACTERS - People or animals in a text., SETTING - The location(s) used in a text., SENTENCE TYPE/LENGTH - Varied sentence types e.g. simple, compound & complex or lengths e.g. short & long., PARAGRAPH LENGTHS - Similar to sentences – used to highlight significant points or add detail., ZOOMING IN/ZOOMING OUT - Shifting the focus from something small to the wider perspective., TENSION - A point in the text that creates a sense of suspense e.g. rising action, climax, cliff-hanger, falling action, resolution., MOOD - This describes the atmosphere in a text e.g. dark, cheerful, reflective, romantic etc.,

Structural Features

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