Participant variables: Use random allocation to evenly distribute characteristics across groups, Increase sample size, Situational variables: Standardise procedures across groups, Conduct testing in the same location and time frame, Experimenter effects: Use double-blind procedures so neither researcher nor participant knows group assignment, Train experimenters to follow a script, Demand characteristics: Use deception (ethically approved), Use single-blind procedures so participants don’t know the hypothesis, Placebo effects: Include a placebo group that receives a fake treatment, Use double-blind procedures to mask group identity, Order effects: Use counterbalancing to vary the order of conditions, Include rest periods between tasks, Non-standardised procedures: Create a standardised protocol for instructions, timing, and materials, Train all researchers to follow the same procedure,

Reducing Extraneous and Confounding Variables

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