1. Checking learning - When we find out if learners have understood what we have tried to teach., 2. Conveying meaning - When we show what a word or phrase means, perhaps with realia (real things) or mime (silent acting)., 3. Correcting - When we show learners that they have made a mistake of some kind., 4. Eliciting - When we invite the learners to give us information (rather than giving it to them), either in answer to specific questions or in more general ways., 5. Explaining - • When we tell learners about something, for example how a certain grammar rule works or how a particular activity will help to practise new vocabulary., 6. Instructing - When we tell learners what to do in the classroom., 7. Narrating - When we tell stories, describe experiences, etc to the learners., 8. Presenting - When we introduce new language to the learners, before they study it more closely, practise it, etc., 10. Asking concept questions - When we ask learners to say things which will show whether or not they have understood something you want them to have learnt., 9. Prompting - When we say or do something to help the learners say what they want, either to remember a word, for example, or to set about doing an activity or task in an effective way.,

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