Progressives - A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrialization, urban growth, and immigration of the late 1800s., Muckrakers - A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics, Populist Party - U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, unions, and government control of railroads and other monopolies, secret ballot - a ballot in which votes are cast in secret to make elections fair and without outside influence, State Legislature - a small group of respected State representatives which would indirectly elect senators (before 17th Amendment was created), Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment) - Progressive Era amendment that established the direct election of US Senators by popular vote by the citizens of the State; example of the Progressive goal of expanding democracy, Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers, Boss Tweed - A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, gave poor immigrants food for votes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million, political machine - a party organization, headed by a single boss or small group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state., Political Corruption - using illegal actions to gain power or influence government policies, Voter Fraud - Unlawful interference with an election, such as illegal voter registration, preventing votes being cast or counted., Thomas Nast - A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians, Jacob Riis - Muckraker photo-journalist who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives" in 1890., Tenement - A building in which several families, usually newly arriving immigrants, rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety, Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane) - Pioneered investigative reporting in the late 1800s by going undercover to expose the neglect in mental asylums and was once called the "best reporter in America", Upton Sinclair - muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen., Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 - 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA., "Trust Buster" - Nickname for Teddy Roosevelt because of his actions against monopolies including the breaking up of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company., Sherman Antitrust Act - an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States, National Parks Service - President Theodore Roosevelt started the National Parks Service to protect and conserve land., The Square Deal - President Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all, Roosevelt's 3 C's (Square Deal) - 1st- Control of Corporations, 2nd-Consumer Protection, 3rd-Conservation of Natural Resources, Jane Addams and Hull House - Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English., Meat Inspection Act (1906) - Upton Sinclair's The Jungle heightened public awareness of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. Public pressure forced a reluctant Congress to consider a Meat Inspection bill in 1906 which laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing State lines. Changed the face of health care and food safety legislation in America from that point on.,

Progressive Era

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